Table 1 Dominant cocoa diseases and pests in the cocoa-growing regions
From: Cocoa production in the 2020s: challenges and solutions
Disease | Causal agent | Major affected region |
|---|---|---|
Black pod | Phytophthora spp. | West Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Caribbean |
Witches' broom | Moniliophthora perniciosa | Caribbean, South America |
Cocoa swollen shoot virus disease | Cocoa swollen shoot virus | West Africa |
Vascular streak dieback | Oncobasidium theobromae | Melanesia, Southeast Asia |
Frosty pod rot | Moniliophthora roreri | Central and South America, Caribbean |
Pests | ||
 Mirids (Cocoa capsids) | Distantiella theobroma Sahlbergella singularis, Helopeltis spp. Monalonion spp. | West Africa, West Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America |
 Cocoa pod borer | Conopomorpha cramerella, Carmenta theobromae, Carmenta foraseminis | Pacific Islands, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Latin America |
 Cocoa shield bug | Bathycoelia thalassina | West Africa |