Climate change mitigation and adaptation for rice-based farming systems in the Red River Delta, Vietnam

Table 1 Description of summarized, representative rice management systems evaluated

Rice management system	Base1	Base2	Base3	Intervention 1 (INV1)	Intervention 2 (INV2)	Intervention 3 (INV3)
Cultivar	DS1	T10	BT7	DS1	LTH31	BC15
Establishment
Seedling age	11	11	11	11	11	11
Transplanting density (#/m²)	135	123	145	60	110	109
Tillage¹	2 (4) + 1(3)	2(3)	2(4, 3)	2 (4) + 1(3)	1(3)	1(3)
Fertilizing (kg/ha)
Urea N²	54.0(3)	54.0(3)	81.0 (2 + 2 s)^b		25.6(1)
Ammonium N²	63.0(2)	63.0(2)	63.0(2)	82.8(4)	83.3(1)	81.1(1 + 2 s)
P²	60.0(2)	60.0(2)	60.0(2)	103.6(4)		90.9(3)
S²				0.6(1)
Organic²	43.5(46)	4.6(70)		47.8(46)	45.7(46)	27.9(86)
Irrigation⁴	A(2, 5)	A(2, 5)	A(2, 5)	A(5, 6)	A(5, 6)	A(4, 5)
Pest and disease	Complete pest and disease-free

¹Tillage management was described as tilling numbers (tilling method) before planting + tilling numbers (tilling method) after harvest, for method, 2: ploughing slightly, 3: ploughing with disk or chisel (10 cm), and 4: ploughing with moldboard (20 cm)
²Fertilizer application described as total N, P, or S amount (splits). The “s” was followed for the slow-release fertilizer type
³Organic fertilizer application in N amount (C:N ratio)
⁴Irrigation management: “C” for continuous flooded; “A” for alternative wet and dry management, which includes the wet and dry cycles and drying days in brackets such as (4, 5)
^aThere was no irrigation during the vegetation period, but the field was flooded during the reproductive stage
^bThe total 81 kg/ha urea N was applied in four splits, where the last two applications were slow-release urea. The similar meanings in urea and ammonium fertilizer management in scenario Innovative 3

ISSN: 2662-4044