Table 3 Comparing different technologies used for emerging sensing and monitoring technologies to be used for aflatoxin detection in a changing climate
From: Aflatoxin risk in the era of climatic change-a comprehensive review
S.no. | Technology | Principle | Advantage | Disadvantage | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Modular separation-based fiber-optic sensors | Light propagation through optical fibers | • High sensitivity • Precision • Immunity to electromagnetic interference • Multipurpose sensing | • Expensive • Intricate detecting systems • Need for exact installation processes | |
2 | Enzyme-free catalytic DNA circuit | Production a lot of output DNA by using DNA strands as catalysts, which may be utilized repeatedly in the catalytic cycle without being wasted | • Effective catalysis with great selectivity • Modularity for intricate biological processes • Versatile uses across analytical formats • Streamlined design, particularly in catalysed hairpin assembly | • Enzyme-free catalytic DNA circuits can be challenging • Component optimization • Restrictions in certain situations | |
3 | Aptamer based detection | Three-dimensional structures—allow for the highly precise and affinity-based detection of target molecules | • Wide range of targets recognized • Easily synthesized and modified • Tailored design that optimizes detection for applications | • Use of complex equipment • Training of staff required • Accuracy of detection may be impacted by external signal interference | Guo et al. (2020); Schüling et al. (2018); Song et al. (2012) |
4 | Ultra-sensitive magnetic relaxation sensing | Use of magnetic nanoparticles, which can be accurately monitored and have a specific relaxation behavior when subjected to a magnetic field | • Great sensitivity, specificity, and adaptability • Accurately detect analytes at low concentrations | • Expensive • complicated apparatus • temperature and equipment requirement | |
5 | Highly Sensitive Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor (MIECS) | entails the synthesis of a polymer matrix containing particular target molecule recognition sites | • Superior sensitivity, selectivity, and adaptability • Economical detection of a wide range of targets | • Limited stability caused by external influences • Intricate designs • Limited application | |
6 | Liquid crystal-based immunosensor | Liquid crystal-based immunosensors are biosensors that employ liquid crystals (LCs) as the sensing component to identify certain biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, enzymes, or antigens | • High sensitivity biomolecule detection at low concentrations | • Labor-intensive customization • Lengthy readout periods • Poor sensitivity | Perera et al. (2022); Qu and Li (2022); Rouhbakhsh et al. (2022) |
7 | Amplified π-shape electrochemical aptasensor | The precise binding of aptamers to their target molecules, resulting in a change in the electrochemical signal | • High sensitivity and selectivity for label-free detection • Precise and economical real-time identification of target compounds | • Complicated design • Complex sample matrices | Abd-Ellatief and Abd-Ellatief, (2021); Wei et al. (2019); Yuan et al. (2023) |
8 | SPR nano sensor with gold nanoparticles | When target molecules are immobilized on a sensor surface, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) nano sensors SPR phenomenon to increase sensitivity and selectivity for target molecule detection | • Narrow size distribution • Simple synthesis • Effective surface modification for recognition • Increased sensitivity | • Non-specific binding of gold nanoparticles may provide a barrier to detection accuracy • Complicated sample matrices | |
9 | SERS aptasensor | Aptamers, which are immobilized on a metal surface such as gold or silver nanoparticles, are used by SERS aptasensor for molecular identification by collecting the vibrational modes of molecules adsorbed on the metal surface | • High sensitivity, selectivity, and multiplex detection • Precise and concurrent identification at low concentration | • Reduced detection accuracy |