Side effects of insecticides used for management of Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae) on the biocontrol agent Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Table 4 Population demographical parameters of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae exposed to the sublethal LC₃₀ concentrations of different insecticides (Mean ± SE)

Parameter	Control	Treatment
Parameter	Control	Spinosad	Emamectin benzoate + Lufenuron	Thiocyclam	Flubendiamide
Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)	52.43 ± 0.074a	19.62 ± 0.048e	37.96 ± 0.117d	48.50 ± 0.076b	41.41 ± 0.049c
Net Reproduction Rate (R₀)	42.64 ± 0.036a	10.55 ± 0.041e	29.96 ± 0.178d	39.08 ± 0.054b	33.51 ± 0.078c
Intrinsic Rate of Increase (r_m)	0.242 ± 0.005a	0.171 ± 0.001e	0.202 ± 0.002d	0.228 ± 0.001b	0.221 ± 0.002c
Mean Generation Time (T)	15.49 ± 0.002d	13.82 ± 0.001e	16.76 ± 0.001a	16.18 ± 0.002b	16.15 ± 0.001c
Doubling Time (DT)	2.85 ± 0.004e	4.059 ± 0.002a	3.42 ± 0.001b	3.06 ± 0.001d	3.17 ± 0.001c

Different letters indicate statistical difference between the means of the treatments using the LSD test (P < 0.05)

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