Table 2 Measurement procedure of TOSS for each dimension

Participation in decision-making processes

3—fully own decision

2—decision mainly taken by discussing with husband

1—joint decision (all family members), and

0—no power of decision

TOSS = (DM_o × 3) + (DM_h × 2) + (DM_j × 1) + (DM_n × 0)

Where, DM_o = No. of respondents indicating fully own decision, DM_h = No. of respondents indicating decision mainly taken by discussing with husband, DM_j = No. of respondents indicating joint decision, DM_n = No. of respondents indicating no power of decision

Ownership of assets

3—high

2—medium

1—low, and

0- not at all

TOSS = (O_h × 3) + (O_m × 2) + (O_l × 1) + (O_n × 0)

Where, O_h = No. of respondents indicating high, O_m = No. of respondents indicating medium, O_l = No. of respondents indicating low, O_n = No. of respondents indicating not at all

Political and social awareness

3—high,

2—medium,

1—low, and

0—not at all

TOSS = (AW_h × 3) + (AW_m × 2) + (AW_l × 1) + (AW_n × 0)

Where, AW_h = No. of respondents indicating high, AW_m = No. of respondents indicating medium, AW_l = No. of respondents indicating low, AW_n = No. of respondents indicating not at all

Freedom of movement

3—frequently,

2—occasionally,

1—seldom, and

0—not at all

TOSS = (F_f × 3) + (F_o × 2) + (F_s × 1) + (F_n × 0)

Where, F_f = No. of respondents indicating frequently, F_o = No. of respondents indicating occasionally, F_s = No. of respondents indicating seldom, F_n = No. of respondents indicating not at all