Table 1 Descriptive statistics for overall sample, FG members and non-members in Lira, Pader and Kitgum districts in northern Uganda
VariableVariables | Code | Description | Pooled sample (n = 257) | Mean (SD) Members (n = 158) | Mean (SD) Non-members (n = 99) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group membership | 1 = member, 0 = non-member | – | 0.61 | 0.39 | |
Age | AGE | Age of smallholder in complete years | 41.5 (13.4) | 43 (13.1) | 40 (13.8) |
Education level | EDU | Complete years in school | 5.3 (3.4) | 5.2 (3.4) | 5.3 (3.3) |
Family size | FSIZE | Household size (number) | 6.96 (2.8) | 6.9 (2.8) | 6.9 (2.9) |
Farming experience | FEXP | Number of years in farming | 21.5 (13.6) | 22 (13.3) | 20.6 (14.2) |
Access to; | |||||
Extension services | EXT | 1 = access to extension services, 0 = no | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.76 (0.43) | 0.59 (0.49) |
Radio ownership | RADIO | 1 = household owned a radio, 0 = no | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.5) |
Credit | CRDT | 1 = have access to credit, 0 = no | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.46 (0.5) | 0.38 (0.49) |
Agricultural training | TRNG | 1 = received agricultural training, 0 = no | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.48 (0.5) |
Price and market information | PRICE | 1 = have access to price and market information, 0 = no | 0.374 (0.485) | 0.41 (0.039) | 0.32 (0.047) |
Land owned | LAND | Total land owned in hectares | 2.6 (2.8) | 2.7 (2.8) | 2.5 (2.8) |
Pigeon pea variety planted | VARIETY | 1 = improved variety, 0 = no | 0.05 (0.2) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.03 (0.17) |
Distance to nearest market Center | DIST | Distance to market center in kilometer | 1.4 (2.2) | 1.3 (2.1) | 1.59 (2.4) |
Lira | LIRA | 1 = location is lira district, 0 = no | 0.32 (0.5) | 0.31 (0.5) | 0.33 (0.5) |
Pader | PADE | 1 = location is Pader district, 0 = no | 0.35 (0.5) | 0.33 (0.5) | 0.42 (0.5) |
Kitgum | KITG | 1 = location is Kitgum district, 0 = no | 0.33 (0.5) | 0.35 (0.5) | 0.25 (0.4) |
Variables for the SPF model | |||||
Pigeon pea yield | YIELD | Total yield of pigeon pea harvested in 2019 (in kg ha−1) | 326 (341) | 336 (272) | 311 (334) |
Pigeon pea acreage | HECT | Land used for pigeon pea for 2019 (in ha) | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.9 (1.3) |
Proportion of pigeon pea seed bought (input) | SEED | Proportion of seed bought during for 2019 (percentage) | 24.1 (41.5) | 24 (41) | 23.6 (42) |
Pesticide cost | PESTIC | Cost of pesticides/chemicals used for 2019 (in USD) | 2.3 (3.99) | 2.3 (4.15) | 2.2 (3.75) |
Perception of soil fertility status for legume plots | SFERT | 1 = fertile, 0 = not fertile | 0.96 (0.2) | 0.97 (0.16) | 0.93 (0.26) |