Fig. 1

PCA-biplot grouping of 196 bread wheat genotypes evaluated in 2021 and 2022 in terms of genotype × traits under well-watered conditions. DH Days to heading, GFP Grain filling period (days), DM Days to maturity, PH Plant height (cm), NTPP Number of tillers plant⁻¹, SL Spike length (cm), FLA Flag leaf area (cm²), SPS Spikelets spike⁻¹, FSPS Fertile spikelets spike⁻¹, NKPS Number of kernels spike⁻¹, SF Spike fertility (%), BMY Biomass yield (t ha⁻¹), HI Harvest index (%), KWS Kernels weight spike ⁻¹ (g), TKW Thousand kernels weight (g), and GY Grain yield (t ha⁻¹). Colored dots (.) with corresponding numbers represent genotypes