Fig. 4
Adult emergence holes (EH) of coleopteran pest, P. fastuosa from T. arjuna according to plant age and year of attack. The number of EHs/plant significantly correlated with plant age (χ2(2,8) = 26.50675, p < 0.05). The number of EHs for 4–8-year-old plants significantly varied with advance aged plants (> 8 year) (p < 0.05). Data analyzed based on observations of exclusive EHs for the year; the number of EHs in a given year was not combined with the number of EHs in the preceding year. Kruskal-Walli’s test was performed followed by Dunn’s test to check any significant difference of EHs among three study sites in three consecutive years. Similar letters (‘a’, ‘a’ or ‘b’, ‘b’ or ‘c’, ‘c’ or ‘d’, ‘d’) indicate there was no significant difference (Dunn’s test), but the different letters (‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’) indicate there was a significant difference (Dunn’s test) of data. Within the three sites, separate Kruskal-Walli tests were performed, followed by Dunn's tests. Within site, 'a,' 'b,' 'c,' or 'd' marking was used to compare emergence holes per plant recorded in three consecutive years, 2017, 2018, and 2019