Fig. 5

Agronomic efficiency (EA) (a), and value–cost ratio (VCR) of applied DAP fertilizer under different plant densities (b), and variations in VCR across cropping seasons (c), in Miti, Kabare territory, eastern DRC. E1, E2, E3 are plant densities corresponding to 100,000, 166,666, and 250,000 plants ha−1; A and B refer to the long and short cropping seasons